Trap-Neuter-Return: A Study of the Practice in Switzerland

Conclusions

This article has mapped TNR as it exists in Switzerland, and offered an analysis of how it could be strengthened. The research uncovered a well-established system of TNR in which numerous groups, on their own or in networks with one another, are figuring out innovative measures to facilitate their work, but are also facing important obstacles – legal and governance, behavioral and attitudinal, technical and operational – that they will need to address in order to succeed. These findings are important because the Swiss case offers a robust example to others seeking to learn from experiences around the world. Conversely, the findings could help Swiss practitioners identify where to put scarce resources as they strive to improve TNR and reduce feline suffering in their country.

The article was not meant as a comprehensive study of TNR in Switzerland, but rather to fill an existing gap with a snapshot that could point to strengths and weaknesses and suggest areas for further research. As such, one limitation was the inability to conduct a systematic survey of TNR in a representative sampling of cantons. Lack of publicly available data on individual TNR programs also meant it was not possible to assess the success rates of these programs in terms of feline population control, impact on human-animal relationships or changing attitudes toward community cats. At present, only aggregate figures or estimates are available, such as the number of community cats in the country, or the overall spay and neuter rates of these cats yearly by the main NGOs working in this space.

Future research, therefore, could include such a systematic survey, examining not just successful programs but also those that have failed in one way or another, and the possible reasons behind the results of each. In a related vein, the accords in Geneva and Commune X appear to be unusual, though perhaps there are others. A more in-depth investigation of where collaborative relationships around TNR exist between NGOs and local authorities, whether cantonal or communal, and how these have arisen, could provide clues about what constitutes a workable model in various settings in Switzerland. Further research into what appears to be the informal network among many feral cat management programs in the country could clarify how these links could be strengthened to bolster TNR overall. Any in-depth study of TNR in Switzerland should also examine other aspects of community cat management that, due to research limitations, could not be undertaken here, such as shelter management, adoption of socializable cats and colony surveillance.

In addition, it could be valuable to survey Swiss public attitudes to community cats and their management, including among specific sub-groups of the population such as farmers, in order to uncover and understand specific barriers to cat colony management (along the lines of McDonald et al’s work), as well as — S. 97 —the degree to which these attitudes might be changing. This could shed light on where potential allies to TNR exist. Within such a survey, it could be enlightening to disaggregate data across groups: for example, is there a measurable difference in attitudes between younger and older farmers toward community cat management (something hinted at by some of the interviewees and in press coverage), and what are the implications for TNR? More research is also needed on the degree to which Swiss law itself poses obstacles to TNR and how to address these risks. This could include examining local regulations from canton to canton. On the flip side, to what extent do Swiss animal welfare laws present particular opportunities for TNR and how can these be used to the advantage of these programs?

Another area that remains unclear is whether and to what extent concern about feral cats’ impact on wildlife might drive opposition to TNR in Switzerland. In fact, very few references to this issue were found in the research. For example, the PSA argued, in a 2012 report, that various studies including in Switzerland have shown that cats do not contribute to the disappearance of bird and reptile populations, “as is often wrongly asserted,” though this is possible on oceanic islands.³⁶⁴ And on the question of whether cats have an impact on endangered species in the wild in Switzerland, in 2018 the Société des Vétérinaires Suisses cited a 2014 data sheet from the Swiss Ornithological Station saying that no studies had shown such an incidence, noting as well that the Station calls for neutering cats in the context of wildlife protection.³⁶⁵ It could be useful to know whether other research has been carried out on this point, and whether concern over feral cats’ impact on wildlife in the country affects the level of receptivity to TNR in a given commune or canton, even if at present this seems to be less of an issue than it is in the United States, Australia and elsewhere.

Finally, and going beyond Switzerland, TNR is well-rooted in a variety of countries and municipalities all over the world, in both rural and urban settings of the global north and south. At the same time, it is not clear why this practice takes hold in these places in particular. Future research might explore the reasons behind its existence in some areas and not others, and the factors – political, economic, cultural and other – that make its emergence and survival possible.

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